Testing airborne and particle-bound PFAS with OTM-45

As understanding of PFAS mass flux deepens, regulatory and industry focuses are shifting towards airborne emissions as a potentially significant source of environmental contamination, driving the need for more advanced sampling methods.

Introduced in 2021, the US Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Other Test Method 45 (OTM-45) was originally developed for the North American market to better characterise and standardise PFAS in air emissions – a previously underexplored pathway.¹ Despite these international advances, the extent of airborne PFAS contamination across Australia and Aotearoa / New Zealand remains poorly understood.

Comparing volatile and semi-volatle methods

OTM-45 is often applied alongside Other Test Method 50 (OTM-50) method, introduced in 2024. The two methods were designed to capture different components of PFAS in air emissions. 

There is some conceptual overlap – OTM-50 focuses on volatile PFAS in gas form,² while OTM-45 aims to capture semi-volatile PFAS across both particulate and gaseous phases, with particular focus in PFAS emitted from high-temperature generating processes. OTM-45 also differs as it adapts sampling trains from Hazardous Waste Test Methods (SW-846) to isokinetically sample air and gas from stationary gas emissions. Used together, they can provide a comprehensive and complementary understanding of PFAS emissions and mass flux through air. 

Both methods are now available for testing through our Melbourne laboratory, supporting improved access to PFAS air testing across Australia and New Zealand.

Environmental sources and transmission

Gas phase and particle phase PFAS may be emitted into the environment through a range of sources. Emissions from industrial processes, manufacturing facilities, weathering of PFAS-containing materials and combustion or incineration of PFAS have all been identified as potential vectors of airborne PFAS spread. Once emitted, PFAS can travel significant distances, with detections reported in remote regions such as Antarctica³ and other areas that have no known PFAS industries, highlighting the role of air as a key transport pathway. 

PFAS has been shown to remain at the air-water interface due to the hydrophobic fluorocarbon backbone and the polar head functional groups.⁴ This causes a partitioning between gas and water phases, contributing to its mobility through gas or particulate matter. Short chained-PFAS, generally more water soluble, will likely partition to aqueous aerosols, while low soluble longer-chained PFAS partition onto surface airborne particles.⁵

Once airborne, atmospheric movement shifts PFAS, sometimes thousands of kilometers from its original source. A mixture of wet and dry deposition within the atmosphere then precipitates PFAS back into the environment. 

Regulatory drivers of PFAS in air testing

International governments and regulatory bodies have started to identify air as a vector for PFAS movement in the environment, shaping regional responses to air emissions monitoring across Australia and Aotearoa / New Zealand. Thermal treatment and desorption facilities can be a major source of PFAS, owing to their work with highly contaminated samples. While most facilities are required to carry out mass balances to account for any PFAS losses, these may not capture all PFAS species or account for other losses.

The European Union is a key example of government agencies initiating testing mandates of airborne PFAS. Working under Directive 2010/75/EU on Industrial Emissions,⁶ better known as the Industrial Emissions Directive (IED), the EU aims to reduce industrial emissions throughout EU member states to safe levels by 2050, with PFAS as a key emission focus. The US EPA is similarly working towards a technical foundation in regulating PFAS in air, with violating polluters sanctioned and fined for environmentally-contaminating air emissions.

Within Australia and Aotearoa / New Zealand, the PFAS National Environmental Management Plan (NEMP 3.1) is the key national guidance addressing PFAS in air, leading the regional case for air emissions to be assessed as a possible vector for PFAS to spread through the environment.⁷ 

Although limited in regulatory oversight, it is a strong foundation for industry and commercial action to address the lack of data in the region around PFAS in air and to seek alignment between environmental monitoring approaches and understanding of atmospheric PFAS dispersion. 

OTM-45, in conjunction with OTM-50, is currently the best-suited method to help support industry in achieving quality and reliable PFAS air sampling and analysis. ALS is now offering this leading, regulator-aligned approach for PFAS testing through our Melbourne laboratory.

Methodology

OTM-45 uses a sampling train adapted from SW-846 methods, with the removal of potential PFAS contamination sources as a key modification. Air sampling pumps are set to withdraw samples from an air or gas flow, utilising a glass or quartz-filtered probe. Flow is then condensed and deposited through a XAD-2 resin, a polymeric adsorbent provided by ALS. The flow continues through a series of impinger solutions before passing through a final XAD-2 resin breakthrough trap. 

The full sampling train generates a series of seven different samples, which are then combined into four for final extraction and analysis through liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). 

Recoveries are monitored and calculated using a solution of isotopically labelled PFAS standards, fortified onto the first XAD-2 resin tube. Finally, a sum is calculated across all extracts to monitor and assess potential analytical losses. 

The OTM-45 method reports PFAS compounds as ng/fraction calculated through concentration per liter of gas flow, providing an accessible and practical format for environmental consultants, project assessors and industry decision-makers working with PFAS in air. For a list of the limits of reporting (LOR) for the 55 PFAS compounds available for analysis, see the table below. 

Experience expert PFAS testing with ALS

ALS is a global leader in PFAS testing, with extensive experience supporting complex PFAS investigations and remediation projects across Australia and Aotearoa / New Zealand. As regulatory requirements and project needs continue to evolve, choosing a laboratory partner with up-to-date technical expertise is critical. 

We are committed to expanding scope of accreditation to meet shifting compliance demands, with OTM-45 as the latest addition to our breadth of accredited capabilities. ALS also currently holds PFAS testing accreditations for OTM-50 across a wide range of matrices, including soils, biosolids, wastewaters and other environmental samples.

ALS can further support your sampling requirements by providing essential supplies, including pre-loaded PFAS-free XAD-2 resin traps for the OTM-45 method.

Backed by deep technical expertise, robust quality systems and global laboratory capacity, ALS delivers reliable analytical support across the full lifecycle of PFAS projects – from initial site assessment through to long-term monitoring and compliance.

Get in touch with us

By aligning our PFAS methods with international frameworks, we are able to deliver trusted insights that drive confident compliance and risk assessment strategies.

Contact your local ALS Project Manager today for more information about the new OTM-45 method. 

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References

¹ United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), Other Test Method 45 (OTM-45) Measurement of Selected Per- and Polyfluorinated Alkyl Substances from Stationary Sources, 14 January 2025, accessed 10 July 2026, www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2025-01/other-test-method45-rev1-final-1-14-25.pdf.

² United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), Other Test Method 50 (OTM-50) Sampling and Analysis of Volatile Fluorinated Compounds from Stationary Sources Using Passivated Stainless-Steel Canisters, 14 January 2025, accessed 10 July 2026, www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2025-01/otm-50-release-1-r1.pdf.

³ P Casal, Y Zhang, JW Martin, M Pizarro, B Jimenez & J Dachs, 'Role of snow deposition of perfluoroalkylated substances at coastal Livingston Island (Maritime Antarctica)', Environmental Science & Technology, volume 51(15), 2017, pp 8460–8470, doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b0252.

⁴ AC Lemay & IC Bourg, 'Interactions between per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) at the water-air interface', Environmental Science & Technology, volume 59(4), 2025, pp 2201–2210, doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.4c08285.

⁵ Ibid.

⁶ European Union, Document 32010L0075: Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 on industrial emissions (integrated pollution prevention and control), 24 November 2010, viewed 10 July 2026, eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2010/75/oj/eng.

⁷ Heads of EPA Australia and New Zealand (HEPA), PFAS National Environmental Management Plan 3.1, 2 June 2026, accessed 10 July 2026, www.dcceew.gov.au/environment/protection/publications/pfas-nemp-3.