Clinical sample types and applications

ALS offers metal testing services for the most common matrices – blood, urine, serum and plasma – but the scope of our ISO/EN 17025 accreditation also include other bodily fluids. The choice of sample matrix is typically dependent on the purpose of the testing.

Blood analysis

Metal analysis of whole blood provides total element concentrations, capturing both extracellular (serum/plasma) and intracellular (blood cell-bound) fractions. This makes blood analysis particularly effective for:

• Monitoring essential trace elements and minerals
• Detecting excess toxic metal exposure
• Evaluating organ function.

Note: Blood typically contains higher concentrations of elements such as iron, lead, cadmium, and mercury compared to serum, as these metals bind significantly to blood cells.

Blood samples are typically collected before, during and/or shortly after metal exposure or detoxification

Serum and plasma analysis

Serum is a transparent, protein-rich fluid that separates out when blood coagulates. Serum consequently lacks clotting factor. Serum contains minerals, hormones and antibodies. Blood serum is an important source of electrolytes such as sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca). The electrolyte balance in the body is essential for the function of cells and organs.

Blood or serum?

Selecting the correct sample matrix is essential for accurate and meaningful results. Blood analysis captures total body burden (intra- and extracellular), while serum/plasma analysis reflects circulating concentrations. Our metal analysis team is available to advise you on the most appropriate sample type for your specific application.

Urine analysis

Urine analysis reflects the body's excretion of metals and toxic elements, offering a direct window into recent metal exposure and the progress of detoxification. Our accredited urine analysis covers 68 elements and is widely used for:

• Monitoring occupationally exposed workers
• Assessing detoxification progress
• Environmental and nutritional studies.

For professionals exposed to metals in the workplace, we recommend sampling after the final workday of the week for the most representative results. We also offer creatinine analysis to correct for urine dilution effects.

Iodine urine test

Iodine is excreted in urine. An insufficient intake of iodine may cause numerous iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs). Iodine deficiency is a common health problem in developing countries and can cause reduced fertility, brain damage and other harmful effects. ALS offers iodine urine analysis by an accredited laboratory method.